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Releasing reserves

A reserve set aside for expected losses is only an estimate; revising it downward flows the difference back through the income statement as profit, even though nothing was sold.

Suppose your coffee shop also supplies offices on credit, and they owe you $50,000. Experience says some will not pay, so accounting makes you set aside a cushion in advance: you estimate, say, $5,000 will never arrive, and book that $5,000 as an expense now, before anyone actually defaults. That cushion is a reserve (the "allowance" met in the DSO entry).

The game: the cushion is an estimate, and estimates can be revised. If next year you declare "actually, my customers are more reliable than I thought, $2,000 is enough," the $3,000 difference flows back through the income statement as profit. Nothing was sold, no coffee was made, profit appeared from re-guessing a guess. Estimate pessimistically in fat years, release the excess in lean ones, and reported profits look beautifully smooth. See cookie jar reserves for the fuller pattern.

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